Knowledge Is Power

The proverb ' Knowledge is Power ' is as  true today as it was in the past. in fact, it is knowledge that distinguishes man from animals.
Man is physical weaker than many animals. He cannot run fast as fast as a panther. He cannot see as far as an eagle can. His sense of smell is weaker than that of a dog.  He can not carry as heavy loads as some beasts of burden do. He cannot fight tigers and lions with his bare hands.
Yet he has managed to become the most powerfull creature on earth. His power comes from knowledge, not from physical strength.
Man has the ability to acqure knowledge , preserve it in books and thus pass it on to the coming generataions. This has given him the power the control the forces of nature , and use them for his benefit. It is, however, necessary for man kind to use this knowledge and power wisely. If we use our knowledge wisely, we can create a better and safer world than the world of today.
With the help of  knowledge, the man discovered, invented and learned many things. He invented many things to improve transportations like vans, ships, airoplanes, train etc.With the help of knowledge man has discovered the secrets of matter. Man turned in to energy and most usefull form of energy is atomic energy and electricity.Means of communication, means of tansportation and invented of new and best medicines, all these things are due to the knowledge.
Knowledge and power alone cannot bring happiness to mankind. Unfortunately, we have not used our knowledge for the benefit of entire mankind. Those persons and nations who happened to possess knowledge and power in the past used it for creating personal and national empires by conquering more lands and enslaving more people.
Our knowledge has not enabled us to banish war that has plagued man from the very beginning. In reality, we have used the immense knowledge acquired in the past two or three centuries to make war more and more horrible and devastating. The present century that has seen man reaching the moon, and exploring the deep space has also seen two world wars in which millions of people were killed. It has also seen the United State of America dropping the most horrible weapon of war, the atomic bomb, on Nagasaki and Hiroshima. These wars were stated by western nations who pride themselves on bieng the most advance and civilized nations of fthe world. 

Judicial review in USA

Judicial review in USA  

In USA like other countries the supreme court decide of different cases. But the Supreme Court of USA  has also another power and authority which is very important and unique  is called " Judicial Review ".
“Judicial Review " is the principle and authority which give the Supreme Court of USA the power of reject or abrogate any law which is made by  Congress or states. According to this power Supreme Court of USA reject or abrogate any law which is not  suit or conform  to the constitution of USA or apposite the constitution of USA or violate the Constitution .
The U.S. Constitution does not mention judicial review. This power, however, was used before 1787 by courts in several of the American states to overturn laws conflicting with state constitutions. In 1789 the Congress of the United States passed the Judiciary Act, which gave federal courts the power of judicial review over acts of state government. This power was used for the first time by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hilton v. Virginia (1796).

In 1803, the power of judicial review was used for the first time by the U.S. Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional (Mar bury v. Madison).As we know that the constitution of USA is superior law of the country. In his opinion for the Court in Mar bury v. Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall explained and justified the exercise of judicial review to strike down an unconstitutional act of Congress or states. He wrote, "Certainly all those who have framed written constitutions contemplate them as forming the fundamental and paramount law of the nation, and consequently the theory of every such government must be that an act of the legislature repugnant to the Constitution is void. This theory  is consequently to be considered, by this court as one of the fundamental principles of our society" .
Merits  and maturities (elegance) and  Demerits and immaturities.
The Power of Judicial Review of Supreme court has different views and thoughts of different peoples. It has its own merits, significent, excellences and qualities as well as defects, demerits, immaturities and raw nesses. Some people like it and some dislike this theory. I am trying to state its merits and demerits briefly with the help of some main points.
  Merits and maturities:People and Philosopher who like and support “The Power of Judicial Review of Supreme court" praise it and describe their arguments about it. These are their main arguments:
1 .Protection and safety of constitution:The judicial review protects and cares the constitution of USA. The constitution of USA is superior law of the country. Supreme Court rejects the law of congress or states which violate the constitution and not suit the country. So it protects the constitution of USA. As Lord Brice said “Supreme Court is an alive voice of constitution ".
2 . Protection and safety of democracy:The Power of Judicial Review of Supreme court protects and save democracy. The Supreme Court rejects the law which is against the constitution of USA and in constitution there is safety of democracy.
3 . Check and balance:The protectors and supporters say that  Judicial Review create check and balance in departments and governments institutions as administration and  legislative institutions. Supreme Court prevents and stops the institutions to make laws of their free will or consent.
4 . Restriction and prevention of dictatorship:The Power of judicial review enables the Supreme Court to restrict the dictatorship of any person, institution or state. It rejects the law of congress or states which violate or opposite the constitution of USA.
5 . Protection and safety of human rights:The protectors and supporters say that the power of judicial review protects and guard the human rights. In the constitution of USA, these human rights are mentioned. If any law goes apposite or violates these rights, Supreme Court rejects it with the help of power of judicial review because it is also against or violates the constitution auto-matically.
6 . Strength of Federal Gove:There is another quality and perfection which is described by the protector of judicial review is that power of judicial review can strengthen and powerful the federal government. It rejects the law which is against the federal govt.

7 . Enhancement and enlargement of dignity and honor of USA:The protectors and supporters of power of judicial review say that this power of Supreme Court enhancement and enlargement of honor and dignity of USA in the world.
8. Protection and safety of National and Collective interests:Protection and safety of National and Collective interests is also very important point described by the supporters of judicial review. Supreme Court rejects the law which is against any national or collective interest because the national interests are very important, basic and major thing in the countries.
9 . Care about opinion of public or common people:The protectors and supporters of power of judicial review say that another quality of this power is that it does not harmful and injurious to public opinion but it care and protect the opinion of public and common people. Those who say that it is not good for public right, they are wrong because Supreme Court never reject the law which is beneficial for public and nation. It prevents or rejects only those laws which are harmful for national and public interests.
10 . Supremacy of Supreme Court:As we know that justice is very important for any society or country. Supreme Court is the main source of justice in country. The country in which judicial setup is strong and powerful can get high position and dignity among the countries. So, this power give supremacy to supreme court which is also good for public as well as the country.
11. Principle of judicial care:Initially (in beginning) Supreme Court rejects many laws without any main reasons but after few years Supreme Court made a principle for itself which is called “Principle of judicial care ". After this principle, Supreme Court only reject those law which is actually violate or apposite the constitution of USA or national interests.
These are the main arguments and points which are given by supporter of judicial review. In USA, this power of judicial review is not rejected because of these qualities. We cannot find any opponent of this authority of Supreme Court in USA in these days vary easily.
Demerits and immaturities.
Some people do not like the judicial review and Militate and oppose the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review. They describe some demerits and abuses of judicial review. I state some of their arguments briefly in form of main points.
1. Not mentioned:As we know that it is not mentioned in the constitution of USA. Therefore, the opponents of judicial review say that it is not mentioned in constitution so it is not acceptable and practicable. It is made by some judges on their own free will and consent.
2. Undemocratic:Opponents of judicial review say that it is an undemocratic system because a law which is made by many members of congress or states and these members are also selected by the whole country or state of USA is rejected and terminated by only 5 or 7 judges of Supreme Court of USA. It is an undemocratic and unpractical system and power of Supreme Court.
3. Conservativeness (olden): There is another demerit or abuse of judicial review is described by opponents of this system is that it is an olden or antiquated system because the judges are appointed for their whole life and they do not change their decisions which they announced earlier despite of  fault in decision or imperfection.
4.  Hurdle and obstacle in the way of progress:Opponents of judicial review system say that it create hurdle and obstacle in the way of progress of the country. Congress or states pass a law for progress and prosperity of the country and countrymen but Supreme Court reject the law because of it is not according the constitution or violates the constitution of USA. So it is necessary for the members of congress and states that they should have constitution in their mind not personal purposes or motives at the time forming law.
5. Dictatorship of judges:There is another demerit of this system described by the opponents of judicial review is that it create dictatorship in the mind of judges. They catch on and comprehend themselves superior of all people because of power of judicial review.
6. Personal rancor or enmity:Some time judges reject the law only because of personal rancor or enmity. They have enmity or rancor of some members of congress or states so they reject the law which passed by them. It is also an argument of the opponents of this system.
7. Superior house of USA:The opponents of judicial review system say that because of this power Supreme Court has become the third house in USA and this is superior to other two actual houses senate and House of Representatives. Supreme Court has the power of reject or terminates the law of Congress as well as states of USA. 
8. Against national interests:
There is another argument which is described by the opponents of judicial review system is that it is not useful and profitable for the country because with the help of this power Supreme Court reject any law. The selected members are not against national interests and they do not pass any law which is against national interests. But Supreme Court reject the law only because of it is not according to the constitution. They do not keep in mind national interests.
9. Opposite the theory of separation of powers:As we know that there is another theory which is used in USA is separation of powers. It means that three main institutions Judicatory, Administrator and legislature not to interrupted in their works. But the power of judicial review give the authority for interrupted the works and authorities of both other institutions.
10. Rancor and Enmity between institutions:  
People who oppose judicial review system argue that this power of Supreme Court create rancor and enmity between Judicatory and legislature. If  congress or state’s legislative pass a law which is rejected by Supreme Court then conflict or rancor is natural thing to come in the mind of both parties.
Conclusion: There is nothing in the world which is bad or good for itself but this is its uses which make him bad or good. This review system also has same situation. If Supreme Court use it only for country then it is very good but if Supreme Court uses it and keeps their own interests in mind, it is worse for country as well as countrymen.
But we know that after principle of judicial care, Supreme Court never use it against national interests and judges keeps national interests, safety, progress and dignity in their mind instead of their own interests or conflicts.
So we can say it is very useful and beneficial for the country of USA. 

 

The Curse Of Bribery.

In French the word " bribe '' was originally used fir a piece of bread given to a begger. Now, this word has nothing to do with beggers or pieces of bread. Bribe is the money or some other thing, offered to someone in order to get illegal and undeserved favours.

Bribe is offered only to those who hold some office of importance and influence, and can oblige their vlients. Sometimes bribe is offered willingly, sometimes it is received forcibly. Sometimes you bribe an officer for getting an undue advantage, sometimes you have to pay this compulsory fee for obtaining your right.

Bribery is perhaps the greatest curse that corrupts a society. It is dishonesty, deceit, and coercion. Those who accept or demand and those who offer bribes are the enemies of the people and their country. They sin both against Allah and man. They encourage injustice and dishonesty.

The government that is run by corrupt officials is the worst of all forms of government. The government is responsible for administering the country and not destroying it. The first duty of the government is to look after the welfare of the people. If  its officials treat the people badly and cruely in order to get bribes, there is no use of the government.

No one wants to parts with his money. If he gives it to some official, he does so because he is forced to do so. He may do sofor getting what is not his or he is forced to buy an officer's attention for getting his right.

Bribery is a curse of unjust society and it causes further injustice.
A person who accepts or demands bribery is a dangerous person. He looks after his own selfish interest only, and ignores all other things. He does not believe in any principle or values. He has no place in a free and just society. He must be eliminated as soon as possible, if he does not avoid it.

Bribery is not liked in any society. One who offer or accept it, they snatch the right of other people who are ielligble and give to those people whose are not fit or illigble for those rights. Islam also stressed upon the steps to stop it.
According Islam, Both who take and who give are in Fire Of Hell. Not only in Islam but all other religions also forbade and dislike it.

No society or country can not make prosper and progress with the existense of bribery in their society. Bribery can be stopped only if very strickt laws are made and they are enforced without fear or favour.

Dengue(in urdu)

Globalwarming

 The Problem of Global Warming
    Global warming ,according to the US Geological Survey site is an increase of the earth's temperature by a few degrees resulting in an increase in the volume of water which contributes to sea-level rise (US Geological Survey, 2008).   Another definition of global warming, by the US Environmental Protection Agency, is an average increase in the Earth's temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate (Climate Change, 2006). Global warming is a problem for several reasons.
Our world depends on a certain climate. When temperatures gets too warm or too cold there are many species and plants that can not survive. According to the EPA, “Our health, agriculture, water resources, forests, wildlife and coastal areas are vulnerable to global warming and the climate changes it will bring. (Environmental Protection Agency, 2000)” As temperatures rise so do instances of malaria and west nile disease. These diseases thrive in hot environments. That is not the only danger global warming has on our health. People with cardiovascular problems would have added problems because of the heat. Elderly and children could die because of heat. A multitude of health problems would be exacerbated not to mention what global warming would do to our agriculture, which would escalate the incident of malnutrition.
    Many of our vegetables such as Cabbage, Carrots, Cauliflower and Lettuce   just to name a few grow in cooler temperatures. If temperatures continue to rise then there are many vegetables that would not be able to grow to maturity. In addition,   most vegetables are started out as seedlings in the spring when the temperatures are still just starting to warm. If we do not have the cooler temperatures then how do we start out these plants. Other than vegetables a rise is temperatures would cause problems with other plants as well. This fact also reflects on our wildlife.
    Heats kills many cooler weather plants each year in the summer but normally they come back each year because of seeds that have survived through the heat. If the temperature did not turn off cooler, these plants would eventually become extinct. The complete loss of a species of plants is bad enough but add to that facts that there are many animals that depend on certain types of plants and what you have is a catastrophy. As stated by World Wildlife Fund (WWF) “The golden toad (Bufo periglenes) and the harlequin frog (Atelopus varius) of Costa Rica have disappeared as a direct result of global warming.   (Nature at risk - the impacts of Global Warming, 2006)” Animals such as polar bears live in cold regions and have begun to migrate to smaller and smaller areas. If the cold regions cease to exist then so do certain species. These are just a few of the problems that are caused by global warming. The important thing is what has been done and what can we do, not only on a grand scale but also the little things that will help out.
                                                            Causes of Global Warming and What We Can Do
      Manufacturing plants produce a lot of smog into the atmosphere that helps contribute to the greenhouse gases. This became a problem during the Industrial Revolution.
In 1955, the government decided that this problem needed to be dealt with on a national level. The Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, was the first in a series of clean air and air quality control acts which are still in effect and continue to be revised and amended.   (Fleming & Knorr, 2008) In 1963 the United States enacted the Clean Air Act with the Air Quality Act following the next year. These were comprised of many legislative rules and guidelines relating to the amount of pollution that can be produced by a manufaturing plant.
I believe one of the biggest hazards to our environments are automobiles. It is a well known fact that they produce tons of pollution into the atmosphere everyday. I remember when President Bush called for automobile manufacturers to change the way they make cars so that they produced less emissions. One of the biggest ways they have done that is with the new hybrid cars. We also see cars that run on bio-fuel and total electic cars. Even if you can not afford one of the new fuel efficient cars there are still things you can do to help your fuel consumption. Help you fuel consumption and you help the environment. For starters, the first thing that comes to mind is to keep the right amount of air pressure in your tires. Another biggie….don’t speed. Just slow down and go the speed limit. Keeping your air filter will also help. These are things my dad always told me on how to save gas in my car.
        One thing we did in my house to help the environment is to change the light bulbs. We changed all of our standard bulbs to compact flourescent lightbulbs (CFL’s). They last a whole lot longer than an average bulb and they use less electricity. I bought General Electric bulbs (6 pack) and the box said that I would save up to $30.00 a year by replacing those six bulbs. On About.com they claim “If every U.S. family replaced one regular light bulb with a CFL, it would eliminate 90 billion pounds of greenhouse gases, the same as taking 7.5 million cars off the road.   (West, 2008)
          The phrase “Reduce, Reuse and Recycle” comes to mind. This is very good advice. If we can reduce the amount of plastics and other recyclables then we can reduce the amount of garbage in our landfills. As the materials in landfills break down they produce methane, which increases the amount of heat kept in our atmosphere. If businesses would recycle they could save a ton of waste each year. This example, by Joel Makower, is worth noting. A typical office generates about 1.5 pounds of waste paper per employee each workday. (Financial businesses generate more than two pounds.) That's roughly 350 pounds per employee a year—or a total of about 2.5 tons for a small, 15-person office.   (Makower, 2008) That is a lot of waste per year that could be recycled. On a smaller scale, we can recycle papers, aluminum cans and plastic. Most cities now have a recycling truck that comes around once a week to pick up recyclables left on the curbside. More than just paper and plastic can be recycled. You should recycle old batteries, computers, cell phones, motor oil, tires and car batteries, just to name a few.   A lot of big businesses now offering recycling of their products to help the environment. Some cities have made laws about recycling. Chicago and NYC have passed legislature that requires that certain stores, such as grocery stores, have recycling bins for its customers.   The American Paper and Forestry Assn reports that paper recycling is at an all time high with 51 percent of paper being recycled but they are aiming for a goal of 55 percent by 2012.   Recycling is a practice that has been around for a long time and one that we have a responsibility to continue.
      Energy we use in our homes also helps the buildup of Greenhouse gases because the power companies that produce electricity burn fossil fuels to do so. We all know how to save electricity, by turning off anything you do not   need or are not using but a lot of people will not do so. If for no other reason than to save money on their power bills they should turn off lights when they leave a room and turn off appliances they are not using. I, myself, turn off my computer when I leave home in the morning because there is nobody using it so why waste the power. As consumers of this earth we have a responsibility to take care of it.
                                                          The Governments Role in the Environment
    Our government has enacted legislature to help combat what we American’s do not seem compeled to do ourselves. They enacted the Clean Air Act to control pollution and continue to update it regularly. They have created the US Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of State Office of International Information Programs: Climate Change, and the NOAA Paleoclimatology Program. All of these programs are intended to target the problem of greenhouse gases and pollution. We also have the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Management, National Park Service, and the Natural Resource Conservation Service. So far, this is not enough. It is a good start but they need to do more. We do not need more agencies, we need the agencies we have to do a better job. I am usually the first person to say that the government does not need its nose in everything but we need it now. They have to do more on this issue. Yes, on a small scale we can help individually but we need our government to bring us together as a nation and help fight against global warming. The technology exists for solar power, wind power and renewable fuel resources. We absololutely have to stop relying on fossil fuels for all of our energy needs and look to other resources.
There have been several deveopments that are being worked on at the moment and even more things on a grander scale that can be done. First, the Nation Science Foundation has a project in the works for reducing the reliance on fossil fuels. As they report, they have a goal of “efficiently and economically converting solar energy and water into hydrogen and oxygen fuels.” And this is how it works. The hydrogen and oxygen gases produced will be usable by a fuel cell, where they will react to reform water, generating electricity for powering an electric car or other devices. The gases may also be used as a source of energy after the sun goes down, and will generate a carbon-neutral or oil-free source of energy scalable to meet future global energy demands.   (National Science Foundation, 2008) These are the kind of “big plans” we need to change the way we are treating our earth. I sat down and watched Al Gore’s An Inconvient Truth and it was very eye opening. I do not know if more people just do not realize what trouble our planet is in or if they just do not care enough to do something about it. We have no right to take this away from our children and grandchildren.
                                                                                              Conclusion
      From the time I was a child I loved to go camping. There is something about getting away from it all and just enjoying nature in its truest form. I would feel true sadness if my ancestors could not enjoy our planet as we have. The smell of the grass and flowers, the excitement kids feel over creepy crawlies they find on a nature walk, the feel of a cool breeze on a hot summer day. We should want these things for future generations to enjoy. As I have said before, we have an obligation to take care of our planet. If we do not take care of our environment then we should not expect it to take care of us.

Terrorism

Terrorism is the systematic use of terror or unpredictable violence against governments, publics, or individuals, to attain a political objective. It evolved from numerous attacks in the 20th century, to less frequent but more destructive assaults in the 21st century.
What is terrorism? What does it involve? Who does it involve? In my mind, terrorism is, "evil, horror, and violence. It is the cruelty of killing mass numbers of people for illogical reasons." The Encyclopedia of Britannica describes terrorism as, "the systematic use of terror or unpredictable violence against governments, publics, or individuals, to attain a political objective." The FBI further describes it as either being, "domestic or international terrorism; domestic terrorism being the illegal or threatened use of violence within the United-states or without foreign direction in furtherance of political or social objectives; and international terrorism being violent acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United-States, or any state." Clear, precise, and factual; yes. But emotionally correct, no.
Terrorism has struck all through history and around the world. Even in ancient Roman times, emperors such as Tiberius and Caligula dealt with terrorism by using banishment, and execution towards those who opposed their rule. Later in the 1860's a terrorist group called the Ku Klux Klan was formed by Southerners to terrify former slaves and prevent them from voting or run for office. In the 19th century, Western Europeans, Russians, and Americans adopted terrorism, and believed that the best way to get what they wanted was to assassinate people holding high positions of power.
In the 20th century, terrorism went through some great changes. The use of new technology such as automatic weapons and electrically bursting explosives encouraged terrorists to act violently and provided them with an easier way of attacking. At the time, attacks were mainly from groups trying to undermine or overthrow existing political institutions. However, today terrorism exists with different causes and purposes in mind. It has been used in anti-colonial conflicts such as in Ireland, Britain, Algeria and France. It is used when settling conflicts between different groups in possession of homeland such as Palestine & Israel. It is also used in religious disagreements in the case of the Catholics & Protestants in Northern Ireland and in internal conflicts between revolutionary forces and established governments, for example: Malaysia, Argentina, Iran, and Nicaragua.
Terrorism went from numerous attacks in the 20th century, to less frequent but more destructive assaults in the 21st century. The threat of terrorism has now become more deadly. But the Americans soldiers, the freedom fighters as some people call them are fighting back with no mercy. As Herr expresses in his book, "the battle grew into the bloodiest of the spring", "4,000 had been killed... it was another American victory." Over the past couple years; terrorists have developed new tactics such as portable bombs, suicide operatives, and weapons of mass destruction. These have been known to result in hundreds, not to say thousands of people being injured or killed. Some people even become terrorist, or are forced into terrorizing for reasons that they do not even know. As Michael Herr mentions, "Every day people were dying because of some small detail that they couldn't be bothered to observe." Take September 11 2001 into consideration, when two airplanes were hijacked and crashed into the World Trade Center and another into the pentagon. In just two hours, families were torn apart, courage was tested, and the world was shaken forever. The hijackers had probably believed that they were dying on that plane for their country, but sadly did not know the true and exact reason for their presence, or their life for that matter. At the Democratic National Convention, Hillary Clinton said, "I visited Ground Zero right after we were attacked. I felt like I was standing at the Gates of Hell. I hope no American ever has to witness a sight like that again."